Aerodynamic optimization of rotor airfoil based on multi-layer hierarchical constraint method

Rotor airfoil design is investigated in this paper. There are many difficulties for this high-dimensional multi-objective problem when traditional multi-objective optimization methods are used. Therefore, a multi-layer hierarchical constraint method is proposed by coupling principal component analysis (PCA) dimensionality reduction and e-constraint method to translate the orig-inal high-dimensional problem into a bi-objective problem. This paper selects the main design objectives by conducting PCA to the preliminary solution of original problem with consideration of the priority of design objectives. According to the e-constraint method, the design model is estab-lished by treating the two top-ranking design goals as objective and others as variable constraints. A series of bi-objective Pareto curves will be obtained by changing the variable constraints, and the favorable solution can be obtained by analyzing Pareto curve spectrum. This method is applied to the rotor airfoil design and makes great improvement in aerodynamic performance. It is shown that the method is convenient and efficient, beyond which, it facilitates decision-making of the high-dimensional multi-objective engineering problem.     

Crew autonomy for deep space exploration: Lessons from the Antarctic Search for Meteorites

Future piloted missions to explore asteroids, Mars, and other targets beyond the Moon will experience strict limitations on communication between vehicles in space and control centers on Earth. These limitations will require crews to operate with greater autonomy than any past space mission has demonstrated. The Antarctic Search for Meteorites (ANSMET) project, which regularly sends small teams of researchers to remote parts of the southern continent, resembles a space mission in many ways but does not rely upon a control center. It provides a useful crew autonomy model for planners of future deep space exploration missions. In contrast to current space missions, ANSMET gives the crew the authority to adjust competing work priorities, task assignments, and daily schedules; allows the crew to be the primary monitor of mission progress; demands greater crew accountability for operational errors; requires the crew to make the most of limited communication bandwidth; adopts systems designed for simple operation and failure recovery; and grants the crew a leading role in the selection and stowage of their equipment.     

Detection of hydrothermal alteration zones using ASTER data in Nimu porphyry copper deposit,south Tibet,China

Advanced space-borne thermal emission and reflection radiometer (ASTER) data were evaluated for the hydrothermal alteration mapping of the Nimu porphyry copper deposit, southern Tibet. According to the metallogenic model for porphyry copper, we chose hydrothermal alteration mineral association and then established a remote sensing model. Relative absorption-band depth (RBD) and simple band combination methods in visible near infrared (VNIR) and shortwave infrared (SWIR) bands were used to retrieve information about lithological distributions. Principal component analyses (PCA) were applied to extract the prospecting information based on the spectral information of argillization mineral association, propylitization mineral association, and iron stained (limonite) effects. Results of the study match up well with known copper occurrences and a circular structure in study area, while circular structures usually have close relationship with mineralization. Combined with field validation, ASTER data are proved able to characterise the alteration zone of these porphyry deposits. With VNIR and SWIR bands, argillic, propylitic and ferritization alterations in a single deposit can be effectively discriminated.     

Application of a PCA-DBN-based surrogate model to robust aerodynamic design optimization

An efficient method employing a Principal Component Analysis (PCA)-Deep Belief Network (DBN)-based surrogate model is developed for robust aerodynamic design optimization in this study. In order to reduce the number of design variables for aerodynamic optimizations, the PCA technique is implemented to the geometric parameters obtained by parameterization method. For the purpose of predicting aerodynamic parameters, the DBN model is established with the reduced design variables as input and the aerodynamic parameters as output, and it is trained using the k-step contrastive divergence algorithm. The established PCA-DBN-based surrogate model is validated through predicting lift-to-drag ratios of a set of airfoils, and the results indicate that the PCA-DBN-based surrogate model is reliable and obtains more accurate predictions than three other surrogate models. Then the efficient optimization method is established by embedding the PCA-DBN-based surrogate model into an improved Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) framework, and applied to the robust aerodynamic design optimizations of Natural Laminar Flow (NLF) airfoil and transonic wing. The optimization results indicate that the PCA-DBN-based surrogate model works very well as a prediction model in the robust optimization processes of both NLF airfoil and transonic wing. By employing the PCA-DBN-based surrogate model, the developed efficient method improves the optimization efficiency obviously.     

大连机场一次罕见的连续四天大雾低云过程分析

本文利用常规天气图、探空图和三维中尺度模式,对大连机场2011年6月29日到7月3日出现的连续4天的大雾低云天气进行分析,发现此次大雾低云过程发生同副热带高压的位置和强度变化密不可分:副热带高压中高层的下沉逆温对大雾低云天气的低层稳定层的产生和维持起到重要作用;同时它的西进北抬和东撤南退直接导致大连机场上游天气系统三次槽线东移,进而影响本场。近地面层的水汽辐合和弱冷暖气流交汇为大雾低云天气得以维持提供良好的水汽条件。     

一种非周期调制直扩信号扩频码估计方法

对卫星测控中一类扩频码周期与信息码周期之比为非整数的直扩信号进行了研究,得出这类信号可建模成非周期调制直扩信号,提出并讨论了一种基于差分主元分析（D PCA）的非周期调制直扩信号扩频码估计方法,该方法通过计算与差分序列协方差矩阵的最大特征值对应的特征向量完成信息码个数、子序列、信息码同步点等参数的估计,解决了传统矩阵分解方法在估计码序列时码序列相位模糊问题,理论分析和仿真结果表明该方法可以在低信噪比下进行有效估计。     

Experimental investigation on deformation behavior of TJ-1 lunar soil simulant subjected to principal stress rotation

The knowledge of mechanical properties of lunar soil is of fundamental importance for the coming exploration of the Moon. This paper aims to investigate the fundamental deformation behavior of lunar soil and the effects of the intermediate principal stress coefficient, deviatoric stress ratio, and mean stress during the principal stress rotation. First, an improved technique was proposed to generate homogeneous samples based on the Multi-layer Undercompaction Method. Second, three series of tests on TJ-1 lunar soil simulant under the principal stress rotation were performed with a hollow cylinder apparatus at Tongji University, China. In each series of tests, only one value of the three variables mentioned above was changed while the others were kept constant. The test results demonstrate that the rotation of principal stress can result in significant plastic deformation, volumetric strain, and non-coaxiality (non-coincidence of the increment direction of principal plastic strain with the principal stress direction) of TJ-1 lunar soil simulant. In addition, it is found that the intermediate principal stress coefficient, deviatoric stress ratio, and mean stress have different influences on the four strain components, i.e. _εz,_εr,_εθ${\epsilon }_z\text{,}{\epsilon }_{\text{r}}\text{,}{\epsilon }_{\theta }$ and _γzθ${\gamma }_{z\theta }$, volumetric strain, and non-coaxiality during the principal stress rotation. The influence of deviatoric stress ratio is relatively stronger than the others. Therefore, the influence of principal stress rotation on the deformation behavior of lunar soil should be taken into account carefully in the design and construction of facilities on the lunar surface in the future.     

基于G2DPCA的SAR目标特征提取与识别

给出了基于广义二维主分量分析（G2DPCA)的合成孔径雷达（SAR）图像目标特征提取 方法。与主分量分析（PCA）相比,在寻求最优投影方向时,它直接基于二维图像矩阵而不 是一维向量,在特征提取前不必将2维图像矩阵转换成1维向量。与二维主分量分析（2DPCA ）相比,它可以同时去除图像行和列像素间的相关性。基于美国运动和静止目标获取与识别 （MSTAR）计划录取的数据的实验结果表明,结合预处理,G2DPCA在大大降低了特征 维数的同时,又改善了识别性能,并且正确识别率在97％以上,且对目标方位变化具有较 好的鲁棒性。     

冲压发动机进气道楔形前缘体热应力分析

为研究拉压不同模量(以下简称双模量)冲压发动机进气道前缘体的热应力状态,在Ansys基础上,利用二次开发,得到了可分析具有双模量属性材料应力的模块。以ZrB2-SiC为材料的发动机前缘构件的ZrB2部分为研究对象,以来流马赫数6.0,总温1660K,总压2.85MPa为条件,经流场及热传导计算得到前缘体内部不均匀温度场。实验测得ZrB2材料在不同温度下的拉、压模量,其压缩模量为拉伸模量的两倍,将拉、压弹性模量以及计算的温度场导入到所开发的模块中进行热应力分析,得到此前缘体ZrB2部分的热应力分布状态。将此结果与不考虑双模量情况下进行流-固-热耦合分析得到的热应力分布曲线进行对比。结果表明,不考虑ZrB2材料的双模量属性的结果最大误差高达300%,严重超出了工程上的要求精度。对比结果说明了不同模量理论的重要性,同时证明了所开发的不同模量应力分析模块的工程实用价值。     

The nighttime anomalies using Global IGS VTEC Maps

In this paper we show the VTEC variations at night, considering their geomagnetic, seasonal and solar activity dependences. The variations are analyzed in two time periods 10 p.m. (pre-midnight) and 2 a.m. (post-midnight); and for two different solar conditions; one during high solar activity (2000) and the other during low solar activity (2008). Spatial and temporal ionosphere variability is investigated from Global IGS VTEC maps applying Principal Component Analysis (PCA).